Constitution Versus Trump

EXECUTIVE ORDER: PROTECTING THE NATION FROM FOREIGN TERRORIST ENTRY INTO THE UNITED STATES

Ninth Circuit Denial of Trump Motion for Stay of an Order

ACLU Amicus Brief Supporting Washington State Response

State of Hawaii Joinder and Brief opposing Trump Motion

State of Washington Response to Trump Motion to Stay TRO

Trump Emergency Petition and Brief Seeking Stay of TRO

Ninth Circuit Appellate Court Case No: 17-35105 Docket

On February 3, 2017, a federal judge granted a temporary restraining order (TRO) blocking (nationwide) U.S. President Trump’s recent Executive Order (signed January 27, 2017) effectively banning nationals from seven (predominantly Muslim) countries from entering the United States.  The Trump team requested that the Judge stay the order whilst they file an appeal.  The judge refused.  As a result, the travel restrictions (trump himself has repeatedly referred to the Muslim Ban) which would have impacted hundreds of thousands in the first few weeks alone, was lifted effective immediately.

Nevada’s One Action Rule (NRS 40.430)

Nevada’s One Action Rule (NRS 40.430)

(i) In General

Nevada’s One Action Rule (NRS 40.430). As codified in NRS 40.430, the one-action-rule, dictates the following:

There may be but one action for the recovery of any debt, or for the enforcement of any right secured by a mortgage or other lien upon real estate.... In that action, the judgment must be rendered for the amount found due the plaintiff, and the court, by its decree or judgment, may direct a sale of the encumbered property, or such part thereof as is necessary, and apply the proceeds of the sale as provided in NRS 40.462.[1]

Nevada’s one-action rule requires a creditor seeking recovery on a debt (in the same foreclosure action):

a) to judicially foreclose on all real property encumbered as security for the debt;

b) to sue on the entire debt;

c) to and obtain a deficiency judgment against the debtor. 

The statute contemplates a creditor’s action to exhaust the security before recovering from the debtor personally.[2] As a general matter, should the creditor fail to follow the single action procedure by bringing a separate action directly on the obligation, the one-action rule dictates the creditor’s loss of rights in the real estate collateral securing the debt in question.[3]

(ii) Exceptions: Actions not deemed duplicative

There are, however, a few exceptions to this rule. Specifically, NRS 40.430(6) Nevada proffers these exceptions by enumerating 16 acts (claims or proceedings) that do not constitute a duplicative action under the statute. So, for purposes of the one-action-rule, an “action” does not include any act or proceeding:

a) To appoint a receiver for, or obtain possession of, any real or personal collateral for the debt or as provided in NRS 32.015.

b) To enforce a security interest in, or the assignment of, any rents, issues, profits or other income of any real or personal property.

c) To enforce a mortgage or other lien upon any real or personal collateral located outside of the State which does not, except as required under the laws of that jurisdiction, result in a personal judgment against the debtor.

d) For the recovery of damages arising from the commission of a tort, including a recovery under NRS 40.750, or the recovery of any declaratory or equitable relief.

e) For the exercise of a power of sale pursuant to NRS 107.080.

f) For the exercise of any right or remedy authorized by chapter 104 of NRS or by the Uniform Commercial Code as enacted in any other state, including, without limitation, an action for declaratory relief pursuant to chapter 30 of NRS to ascertain the identity of the person who is entitled to enforce an instrument pursuant to NRS 104.3309.

g) For the exercise of any right to set off, or to enforce a pledge in, a deposit account pursuant to a written agreement or pledge.

h) To draw under a letter of credit.

i) To enforce an agreement with a surety or guarantor if enforcement of the mortgage or other lien has been automatically stayed pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362 or pursuant to an order of a federal bankruptcy court under any other provision of the United States Bankruptcy Code for not less than 120 days following the mailing of notice to the surety or guarantor pursuant to subsection 1 of NRS 107.095.

j) To collect any debt, or enforce any right, secured by a mortgage or other lien on real property if the property has been sold to a person other than the creditor to satisfy, in whole or in part, a debt or other right secured by a senior mortgage or other senior lien on the property.

k) Relating to any proceeding in bankruptcy, including the filing of a proof of claim, seeking relief from an automatic stay and any other action to determine the amount or validity of a debt.

l) For filing a claim pursuant to chapter 147 of NRS or to enforce such a claim which has been disallowed.

m) Which does not include the collection of the debt or realization of the collateral securing the debt.

n) Pursuant to NRS 40.507 or 40.508.

o) Pursuant to an agreement entered into pursuant to NRS 361.7311 between an owner of the property and the assignee of a tax lien against the property, or an action which is authorized by NRS 361.733.

p) Which is exempted from the provisions of this section by specific statute.

q) To recover costs of suit, costs and expenses of sale, attorneys' fees and other incidental relief in connection with any action authorized by this subsection.

(iii) The Right of Conversion: Amending the Pleadings or Claims

To the extent that any act, action or claim as may be included in the counterclaim(s) or construed by the Court in a manner suggesting a violation of the one-action-rule, Liberty Village submits that it is entitled to conversion (or the right to amend the counterclaims) so as to conform to the one-action rule. Conversion (or leave to amend) is allowed under NRS 40.435 when the initial action has not yet been concluded. 

The statute[4] provides that the commencement of, or participation in, a judicial proceeding, in violation of NRS 40.430, does not forfeit any of the rights of a secured creditor in any real or personal collateral, or impair the ability of the creditor to realize upon any real or personal collateral, if the judicial proceeding is: (a) stayed or dismissed before entry of a final judgment; or (b) converted into an action which does not violate NRS 40.430. 

If the provisions of NRS 40.430 are timely interposed as an affirmative defense in such a judicial proceeding, upon the motion of any party to the proceeding the court shall: (a) dismiss the proceeding without prejudice; or (b) grant a continuance and order the amendment of the pleadings to convert the proceeding into an action which does not violate NRS 40.430.[5],[6]

[1] NRS 40.462 governs the distribution of the proceeds of a foreclosure sale.

[2] See Keever v. Nicholas Beers Co., 96 Nev. 509, 513 (1980); see also Nevada Wholesale Lumber v. Myers Realty, 92 Nev. 24, 28, (1976)

[3] Nevada Wholesale Lumber, 92 Nev. at 30, 544 P.2d at 1208

[4] NRS 40.435(1)

[5] NRS 40.435(2)

[6] Bonicamp v. Vazquez, 120 Nev. 377 (2004)

Third Party Intermediaries and the Distribution of Unregistered Securities under Sections 5(a) and (c).

Third parties or intermediaries not otherwise directly selling securities they own may find themselves the target of the Securities and Exchange Commission for violations of Sections 5(a) and (c) of the Securities Act, namely the distribution of unregistered securities.  This is particularly troublesome because violations thereof are subject to a strict liability standard, that is, intent is not element requisite to the claim.

SEC v. Murphy [1] stood for the proposition that a participant must be "both a 'necessary participant' and 'substantial factor' in the sales transaction." But as a result of a 1988 the case, Pinter v. Dahl [2] the SEC took the position that Murphy’s substantial factor analysis had been overruled by a “but for” or proximate cause analysis.  As a result, in many instances, the SEC applied this “but for” standard to intermediaries or participants in assessing whether or not, for purposes of Section 5, they might be deemed to be “sellers”.

But in 2011, the Ninth Circuit clarified the matter distinguishing Pinter from Murphy.  As a result, an individual’s facing allegations of Section 5 violations are subject to a calculus measuring whether or not they were in fact a substantial factor in the transaction.  This is almost always a question of fact for the fact finder (jury or judge) and is not typically matter disposed of by summary judgment.

The following is a brief summary of the import of SEC v. Bagley in the context of Section 5 and the relevant standards for imposing liability on a third party intermediary or participant.

Setting Aside a Default in Federal Court

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 55 governs defaults and default judgments.  It provides in pertinent part the following:

(a) Entering a Default. When a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that failure is shown by affidavit or otherwise, the clerk must enter the party's default.

(b) Entering a Default Judgment.

(1) By the Clerk. If the plaintiff's claim is for a sum certain or a sum that can be made certain by computation, the clerk—on the plaintiff's request, with an affidavit showing the amount due—must enter judgment for that amount and costs against a defendant who has been defaulted for not appearing and who is neither a minor nor an incompetent person.

(2) By the Court. In all other cases, the party must apply to the court for a default judgment. A default judgment may be entered against a minor or incompetent person only if represented by a general guardian, conservator, or other like fiduciary who has appeared. If the party against whom a default judgment is sought has appeared personally or by a representative, that party or its representative must be served with written notice of the application at least 7 days before the hearing. The court may conduct hearings or make referrals—preserving any federal statutory right to a jury trial—when, to enter or effectuate judgment, it needs to:

(A) conduct an accounting;

(B) determine the amount of damages;

(C) establish the truth of any allegation by evidence; or

(D) investigate any other matter.

(c) Setting Aside a Default or a Default Judgment. The court may set aside an entry of default for good cause, and it may set aside a default judgment under Rule 60(b).

Vacating an Order as Void Ab Initio Pursuant to NRCP 60(b)

Excerpted from a Brief in Support of a Motion

to Vacate Partial Summary Judgment

Introduction

Three and half years ago, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment seeking findings of fact, conclusions of law and judgment against Defendant Vandelay Industries and Jerry Seinfeld.  This Court and the sitting Judge at the time (Judge Dredd) granted Plaintiff’s motion in its entirety.[1]  Before the proposed order was presented to the judge for review and execution, before it was filed and entered, Vandelay filed for bankruptcy and removed this matter to bankruptcy court.  Plaintiff sought remand and secured from the bankruptcy court an order remanding the case back to this Court on the express condition that any and all claims against Vandelay (now a bankruptcy debtor) be relinquished and dismissed (the “Bankruptcy Order”).  Indeed, the Bankruptcy Order modified the automatic stay for the express and singular purpose of allowing Plaintiff to amend her complaint accordingly.

After a two-year hiatus[2] subsequent to securing remand, Plaintiff revisited this case and in an effort to salvage partial summary judgment as to Seinfeld as rendered by this Court against Vandelay and Seinfeld, fashioned an order that: (1) fails to reflect the motion for judgment that she actually filed and the relief requested therein; (2) mischaracterizes the nature and subject of the proceedings at the hearing on the motion; and (3) fails to reflect the actual decision of the Court resulting from the motion, opposition, affidavits, evidence, exhibits, oral argument, and deliberation on the matter.

Instead, Plaintiff endeavored to whitewash the Order in a futile effort to avoid running afoul of the provisions of §362 and the automatic stay.  Plaintiff did not succeed.  Indeed, the Order as filed and entered, directly violates the mandate of the Bankruptcy Court’s Order for Remand and is void ab initio pursuant to NRCP 60(b)(4).  It is an impermissible continuance of a proceeding against Debtor.

If the Belated order stands in its present form, despite Plaintiff’s superficial efforts to avoid affecting the Debtor and its estate, the net result would be that the Deed of Trust on the Pueblo Property must be revised and rerecorded rescinding Plaintiff’s pro rata interest in same.  As a result the Debtor’s Note in favor of Plaintiff must be reinstated and reflected by the Debtor obliging it to amend Debtor’s bankruptcy schedules to the detriment of Debtor’s estate and Plaintiff would be obliged to return to the Debtor’s estate the $61,033.01 she received as part of the transaction she now claims she rescinded.  Such a result is not consistent with the Bankruptcy Order on Remand which presumed that any and all claims against Debtor were to be dismissed prior to Plaintiff proceeding on remand in state court.[3]

Moreover, Plaintiff’s efforts to re-characterize the nature of her motion for partial summary judgment, the proceedings at the hearing and the Judge’s decision, result in plain misstatements of facts not otherwise in dispute, and as a consequence, must be vacated pursuant to NRCP 60(b)(1).  Plaintiff’s contortion of findings in an effort to superficially comply with the Bankruptcy Court Order does not comport with the facts and constitutes fraud, misrepresentation or other misconduct as contemplated by NRCP 60(b)(3).

11 USC § 541 in the Context of Alter Ego Claims

Excerpted from a Brief in Support of Defendant’s

Opposition to a Motion for Leave to File a Second Amended Complaint

Introduction

Section 541(a) sets forth what constitutes property of a bankruptcy estate.  Any claims which the debtor could make that might inure to the benefit of the estate and therefore its creditors are claims belonging to the trustee.  In the present case, Plaintiff claims that the Debtor and the Non/Debtor co-defendants engaged in certain contractual breaches and tortious conduct including but not limited to fraud, resulting in financial loss and injury to her.  She filed her claims pre-petition.  Ordinarily, the provisions of §362 might apply so as prevent or preclude her from pursuing her claims at least against the debtor absent a lifting of the stay.  But in this case, one or more of the Non/Debtor co-defendants removed this action to the bankruptcy court affording plaintiff free reign to pursue her claims there, without hindrance.  The nature of the claims is not such that a trustee would or could bring on behalf of the estate or on behalf of its creditors as they are claims against the Debtor.  A Debtor does not sue itself.  Alter-ego lawsuits may be pursued against the debtor in bankruptcy court, without lifting the automatic stay. Despite the apparent silence of the Code on this point, the Code implicitly permits the filing of suit in the bankruptcy court against a debtor without violating the automatic stay.  The action as removed to bankruptcy court was nothing more or less than any other adversary claim.  Instead of hanging their hats on what, if any, protection the provisions of the automatic stay might have afforded them, the Defendants in this case removed the action.  They opened the door and laid out the red carpet for the Plaintiff to pursue her claims.  Instead of doing so, she waited five months, and filed for remand and in so doing looked the proverbial gift horse in the mouth and kicked it.  Then, after waiting around for two years, she now seeks the benefit of a tolling period so as to avoid the mandate of NRCP 41(e).  No such tolling period is warranted.

Filing a Lis Pendens in Nevada.

A lis pendens, in Latin, means "pending lawsuit." In modern usage, it means a notice of a pending lawsuit that is recorded in county real estate records.  It is a public recording against subject real property giving notice to any purchasers of a pending court dispute potentially effecting title. It requires no decision or action by the court to file and merely entails filing the document with the court and recording it against the real property at the County Recorder’s Office.  In Nevada, a lis pendens can be filed against real property only certain circumstances.[1]

The action must involve some legal interest in the challenged real property, such as title disputes or lien foreclosures.  NRS 14.010 (a party to a civil action “for the foreclosure of a mortgage upon real property or affecting title or possession of real property” may record a lis pendens); In re Bradshaw, 315 B.R. 875 (Bkrtcy.D.Nev.2004).

SEC targets Bitcoin -Denominated Ponzi Scheme

The Securities and Exchange Commission announced late last week that it has filed an action involving what it claims is a Bitcoin investment scam. The case involves the alleged fraudulent offers and sales of securities in a Bitcoin-denominated alleged Ponzi scheme founded and operated by a 30-year old Trendon T. Shavers from Texas.

The complaint alleges Shavers was the founder and operator of BTCST (formerly known as First Pirate Savings & Trust) an unincorporated entity with physical “brick and mortar” operating presence or location.  On or about November 3, 2011, Shavers, under the Internet name pirateat40, posted a general solicitation for BTCST, entitled “Looking for Lenders,” on the Bitcoin Forum[1] an online forum dedicated to BTC where, among other things, numerous BTC-denominated investment opportunities were posted. Shavers continued to post what the SEC alleges was martially false or misleading statements as to the purported investment opportunity.

A Lender’s Duty To Produce Sufficient Documentation In Forcelosure Mediation Proceedings: Nevada Foreclosure Mediation Rules (FMR)

The Deed of Trust

A deed of trust is an instrument that "secure[s] the performance of an obligation or the payment of any debt." NRS 107.020. The Nevada Supreme Court has previously held that a deed of trust "constitutes a conveyance of land as defined by NRS 111.010."[1]  Ray v. Hawkins, 76 Nev. 164, 166, 350 P.2d 998, 999 (1960). The statute of frauds governs when a conveyance creates or assigns an interest in land: No estate or interest in lands, . . . nor any trust or power over or concerning lands, or in any manner relating thereto, shall be created, granted, assigned, surrendered or declared . . . , unless ... by deed or conveyance, in writing, subscribed by the party creating, granting, assigning, surrendering or declaring the same, or by the party's lawful agent thereunto authorized in writing. NRS 111.205(1) (emphases added). Thus, to prove that WAMU properly assigned its interest in land via the deed of trust to Wells Fargo, Wells Fargo needs to provide a duly signed writing from WAMU demonstrating that transfer of interest (and each subsequent transfer). If no such assignment(s), duly executed, is/are provided at the mediation, Wells Fargo lacks would lack standing to pursue foreclosure proceedings against ________.

SEC Lifts Rule 506 Solicitation and Advertising Ban pursuant to JOBS Act

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) adopted a new rules today implementing Title II of the JOBS Act.  In essence, these new rules lift the ban on general solicitation or general advertising for certain private securities offerings for business startups, while also adopting rules to discourage fraudsters from touting the investments and to add new protections for investors.

The new rules become effective 60 days after publication in the Federal Register. During this 60 day period the rules will be subject to public comment.

Ordinarily, the offer and sale of securities require registration with the SEC.  A number of exemptions from registration exist but most of these exemptions prohibited general solicitation advertising.  Rule 506 of Regulation D for example allowed a company (issuer) to raise an unlimited amount of capital from an unlimited number of “accredited investors” and up to 35 non-accredited investors. [1]

SEC Obtains Final Judgment Against Miami Attorney for preparing and presenting False Attorney Letters on behalf of issuer.

SEC Litigation Release No. 22746

July 9, 2013

SEC v. Merkin

On July 1, 2013, a District Judge for the Southern District of Florida, signed a final judgment against defendant Stewart A. Merkin (“Merkin”) in a civil action originally filed by the SEC on October 3, 2011.  The Defendant is an attorney in Miami, Florida.  

The alleged violations include Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and Rule 10b-5 thereunder.  The Defendant wrote four attorney representation letters for posting on the website of Pink Sheets LLC and its successor, Pink OTC Markets, Inc.  Therein, he disclaimed knowledge of any investigation into possible violations of the securities laws by StratoComm or any of its officers or directors. However, the SEC’s complaint also alleges that the Defendant was representing StratoComm and several individuals in connection with the SEC’s investigation at the time. Nevertheless, in order that StratoComm’s shares would continue to be quoted, the SEC’s complaint alleges that Defendant falsely stated that to his knowledge StratoComm was not under investigation.

On October 3, 2012, the Court granted the Commission’s motion for summary judgment with respect to liability, finding that the Defendant made false statements of material fact, with scienter, in connection with the purchase or sale of securities.  Defendant subsequently consented to the entry of a final judgment that: (i) orders him liable to pay a total of $125,000 in disgorgement, prejudgment interest and a civil penalty; (ii) imposes a permanent injunction against future violations of Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 of the Exchange Act by making false or misleading statements; and (iii) permanently bars Merkin from participating in an offering of penny stock.  In consenting to these remedies, Merkin retained his right to appeal from the Court’s ruling on summary judgment with respect to liability. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); and Judicial Notice—A Motion to Dismiss

   The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permit a responding party to seek dismissal of a claim, or any part thereof, for "failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) requires the Court to decide whether the facts alleged in the complaint entitle the plaintiff to relief. Id. The court need not accept as true conclusory allegations of law made in the complaint, nor must it accept unreasonable inferences or unwarranted deductions of fact. Hon. William W. Schwarzer, et al., Federal Civil Procedure Before Trial § 9:221 (2000) (citing In re Delorean Motor Co., 991 F.2d 1236, 1240 (6th Cir. 1993)). In addition, the court need not accept as true conclusory allegations or legal characterizations of counsel. See, W Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th Cir. 1981).

The United States Supreme Court heightened the federal pleading standards governing Rule 12(b)(6) motions. In Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), the Supreme Court held that notice pleading requires more than a mere legal conclusion to defeat a motion to dismiss. The Supreme Court specifically stated that a plaintiff is obligated "to provide the 'grounds' of his entitle[ment] to relief" beyond mere "labels and conclusions." Id. at 555. The Supreme Court also stated that "a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Id. As a result, a plaintiff must provide "[f]actual allegations . . . enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level ... on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact)." Id. More recently, in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 129 S. Ct. 1937 (2009), the Supreme Court further reaffirmed Twombly and clarified that its holding applies in all civil actions in the United States district courts. Id. at 1951.

SEC To Hold Open Meeting to Consider the Elimination of the Prohibition Against General Solicitation and Advertising For Rule 506 and Rule 144A Offerings

The Securities and Exchange Commission will hold an Open Meeting on Wednesday, July 10, 2013 at 10:00 a.m., in the Auditorium, Room L-002. (SEC’s main offices, 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC.)

The Commission will consider whether to adopt amendments to eliminate the prohibition against general solicitation and general advertising in certain securities offerings conducted pursuant to Rule 506 of Regulation D under the Securities Act and Rule 144A under the Securities Act, as mandated by Section 201(a) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act.

The Commission will also consider whether to propose amendments to Regulation D, Form D and Rule 156 under the Securities Act. The proposed amendments are intended to enhance the Commission’s ability to evaluate changes in the market and to address the development of practices in Rule 506 offerings.

Finally, the Commission will consider whether to adopt amendments to disqualify securities offerings involving certain “felons and other ‘bad actors’” from reliance on the exemption from Securities Act registration pursuant to Rule 506 as mandated by Section 926 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

SEC Litigation Release No. 22742

SEC Litigation Release No. 22742 

July 3, 2013

Securities and Exchange Commission v. Magdalena Tavella, et al.

Civil Action No. 13 CIV 4609 (S.D.N.Y.) 

The Securities and Exchange Commission filed a complaint against 8 Argentine citizens who are alleged to have unlawfully sold millions of shares of Biozoom, Inc. in unregistered transactions. The SEC also secured a TRO, freezing assets held in U.S. securities firms in accounts of the eight defendants and two other Argentine citizens who had Biozoom shares but had not yet sold them. Last week the SEC suspended trading in Biozoom due to concerns that some shareholders may be unlawfully distributing its securities.

The SEC alleges that from March to June 2013, the defendants received more than 20 million shares of Biozoom (formerly Entertainment Art, Inc.) or one-third of the company's total outstanding shares. In a one-month period beginning in May, 8 of the Defendants  sold more than 14 million shares yielding almost $34 million.  $17 million out of the sales proceeds was wired to overseas bank accounts.

According to the SEC's complaint, the Defendants claimed to have acquired the bulk of the shares in March 2013 from Biozoom’s former shareholders who purchased them in private placements that began in 2007. Each of the defendants provided stock purchase agreements between them and the former shareholders purportedly signed by the defendants and those shareholders. 

11 USC § 727 – and Denial of Discharge

§ 727. Discharge

(a) The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless—

(2) the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor or an officer of the estate charged with custody of property under this title, has transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed, or has permitted to be transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed—

(A) property of the debtor, within one year before the date of the filing of the petition; or

(B) property of the estate, after the date of the filing of the petition;

(3) the debtor has concealed, destroyed, mutilated, falsified, or failed to keep or preserve any recorded information, including books, documents, records, and papers, from which the debtor’s financial condition or business transactions might be ascertained, unless such act or failure to act was justified under all of the circumstances of the case;

(4) the debtor knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case—

(A) made a false oath or account;

(5) the debtor has failed to explain satisfactorily, before determination of denial of discharge under this paragraph, any loss of assets or deficiency of assets to meet the debtor’s liabilities[.]

§ 727(a)(2), (3), (4)(A), and (5).[1]

Section 727(a)(4)(A) denies a discharge to a debtor who “knowingly and fraudulently” makes a false oath or account in the course of the bankruptcy case. § 727(a)(4)(A). A false statement or an omission in the debtor’s bankruptcy schedules or statement of financial affairs can constitute a false oath.[2] “The fundamental purpose of § 727(a)(4)(A) is to insure that the trustee and creditors have accurate information without having to conduct costly investigations.” Fogal Legware of Switz., Inc. v. Wills (In re Wills), 243 B.R. 58, 63 (9th Cir. BAP 1999) (citing Aubrey v. Thomas (In re Aubrey), 111 B.R. 268, 274 (9th Cir. BAP 1990)). That said, a false statement or omission that has no impact on a bankruptcy case is not material and does not provide grounds for denial of a discharge under § 727(a)(4)(A). Id.

               Plaintiffs must show by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) Debtor made such a false statement or omission, (2) regarding a material fact, and (3) did so knowingly and fraudulently. See Searles, 317 B.R. at 377; Roberts, 331 B.R. at 882 (same test, broken down into four elements).

Fifth Amendment Privilege in the Context of Parallel Civil and Criminal Proceedings (Nevada)

Determining how to proceed in response to a civil litigant's request for accommodation of his or her Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination is a matter within the discretion of the district court.  Francis v. Wynn Las Vegas, 127 Nev. Adv. Op. 60 (October 6, 2011).  Therefore, a lift of a of a stay civil proceedings made in connection with such a request is similarly within this court’s discretion.  Federal Sav. and Loan Ins. Corp. v. Molinaro, 889 F.2d 899, 902 (9th Cir. 1989).  "The Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination may be invoked in both criminal and civil proceedings." Francis, 127 Nev. Adv. Op. 60 (October 6, 2011).

When parallel civil and criminal actions arising from the same transactions or issues have been instituted, a court is faced with a dilemma. On the one hand, a parallel civil proceeding can vitiate the protections afforded the accused in the criminal proceeding if the prosecutor can use information obtained from him through civil discovery or testimony elicited in the civil litigation. This also may cause him to confront the prospect of divulging information which may incriminate him. On the other hand, the pendency of a parallel criminal proceeding can impede the search for truth in the civil proceeding if the accused resists disclosure and asserts his privilege against self-incrimination and thereby conceals important evidence.  Milton Pollack, Sr. J., U.S. Dist. Ct., S.D.N.Y., Parallel Civil and Criminal Proceedings, 129 F.R.D. 201, 202 (Oct. 17-19, 1989).